程远：不考虑环保 汽车产业肯定没有前途
——摘自搜狐网(http://auto.sohu.com)
汽车的尾气排放问题，欧洲更重视降低二氧化碳，而日本则包括颗粒物在内，对整体排放标准要求比较严格。柴油机并不是一个万能的技术，欧Ⅳ排放标准，对柴油车尾气排放的要求非常高，要达到这个技术标准，需要在柴油技术上有很大的投入。
最近，记者采访丰田汽车公司主管中国业务的董事副社长稻叶良?时，他对中国政府在大力发展汽车的同时十分重视环保问题，予以很高的评价。稻叶认为，汽车是一个特殊的产业，如果不考虑到环保问题，肯定没有发展前途。他说这是丰田很早就有的想法，正是基于这个想法，他们才开发了很多具有先驱性的技术，包括混合燃料车普锐斯。
他说，世界上很多汽车厂商，包括丰田在内，都曾对电动汽车抱有很高的期待值，大家在研发上都花费了很大精力，取得了一些成效，同时也知道纯电动汽车具有的局限性。最大的局限性就是蓄电池开发没有革新性的突破，一次充电后的持续行车距离受限制。“这是很大的一个课题”，稻叶说，不仅是丰田，所有的汽车厂商几十年研发的成果，对蓄电池都没有决定性的突破，所以所有的汽车厂商和政府有了一个共识，就是电动汽车可以局限性地使用，但是绝对不可能是引领今后整个汽车环保潮流的主力。
稻叶说，丰田对汽车的环保技术，包括普锐斯的最先进的技术，从来没有垄断保守的想法，日产和福特从丰田购买了混合动力技术，就是一个很好的例证。丰田倒是希望整个汽车产业能够尽快地进入这个时代。从环保技术市场上争取多大利润的想法，丰田也从来就没有过。
稻叶介绍说，丰田在研究电动汽车的时候，对混合动力没有放松过，现在已经有了很大成效；同时对氢燃料电池的开发也在持续进行。“跟燃油类型一样，我们的姿态是把所有的可能性都整...
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The never-ending twisting and
untwisting of the coil spring (or the torsion bar)
lead to inevitable loss of elasticity and spring
sag. Coil springs, then, require replacement because
they sag in service. A sagged coil spring upsets
vehicle trim height resulting in upset wheel
alignment angles, steering angles, headlight aiming,
braking distribution, riding quality, tire tread
life, shock life, and U-joint life.
Coil springs also break.
Downsized cars are often forced to carry the same
loads as their larger counterparts, mostly because
people and their hauling needs did not down-size
along with the cars.
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The coil spring exerts a tremendous force
on the control arm. Before you disconnect
either control arm from the knuckle for any
service operation, contain the spring with a
spring compressor to prevent it from flying
out and causing injury.
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- To remove a coil spring,
raise and support the vehicle by its frame. Let
the control arm hang free.
- Remove wheels, shock
absorbers, and stabilizer links. Disconnect the
outer tie-rod ends from their respective arms.
- Unload the ball joints with
a roll-around floor jack.
- Jack under the lower
control arm from the opposite side of the
vehicle.
- This allows the jack to
roll back when the control arm is lowered.
- Position the jack as close
to the lower ball joint as possible for maximum
leverage against the spring.
- The spring is ready for the
installation of the spring compressor.
A coil spring compressor is
used to compress the spring before disconnecting
some suspension parts.
- There are many different
types of spring compressors.
- One type uses a threaded
compression rod that fits through two plates, an
upper and lower ball nut, a thrust washer, and a
forcing nut.
- The two plates are
positioned at either end of the spring.
- The compression rod fits
through the plates with a ball nut at either
end. The upper ball nut is pinned to the rod.
- The thrust washer and
forcing nut are threaded onto the end of the
rod.
- Turning the forcing nut
draws the two plates together and compresses the
spring.
- In some cases, it is
necessary to break the tapers of both upper and
lower ball joints so the steering knuckle can be
moved to one side.
When this tool is expanded,
it forces the ball joint stud out of the steering
knuckle taper. Courtesy of American Honda Motor Co.,
Inc.
- If the vehicle is equipped
with a strut rod, this must be disconnected at
the lower control arm.
- Push the control arm down
until the spring can be removed. If necessary, a
pry bar can be used to remove the spring from
its lower seat. Remove the spring and
compressor.
- If the same spring is to be
reinstalled, leave the compressor in position.
If a new spring is to be used, slowly release
the pressure on the tool by backing off the
forcing nut.
- Compress the new spring
prior to installing it.
Wheel Alignment
Following completion
of suspension repair jobs, a wheel alignment
will be required. This will reposition
suspension components so that the car will
be safe to drive and will go straight
without unusual tire wear.
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